![]() ? The patronage that the artisans used to receive from the Indian rulers came to an end because of annexation of their dominions. Indian handicrafts completely collapsed and the craftsmen were impoverished due to unemployment. ? The Industrial Revolution in Europe has adverse effects on the Indian economy. Also, many famines occurred during this period and this added to the woes of the peasants. They lost their lands to the zamindars and became mere tenants. ? The land revenue policies introduced by the British led to devastation of the peasants. Explain any two political causes that led to the Revolt of 1857. ? Many zamindars and landlords, who were deprived of their land and the patronage of the kings and nawabs resented the British rule. This shattered the myth about their superiority. ? The British were defeated in the first Afghan War. There was huge resentment because the Nawab of Awadh had been loyal to the British. Yet in 1856, the Company annexed it on the pretext of misgovernance. ? Awadh had accepted the Subsidiary Alliance and there were British residents to advice the Nawabs. ? The promises made with the princes were ignored by the British as the Company became confident of its military and political powers. ![]() ![]() The Company also stopped inscribing the Mughal king's name on the coins minted by it. In 1849, Governor General Dalhousie announced that Bahadur Shah Zafar's successors would not be allowed to stay in the Red Fort or use the title of 'King'. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao's adopted son, Nana Sahib was deprived of the pension his father was receiving. Rani of Jhansi had adopted a son and wanted the British to accept him as the heir to the throne. Many rulers tried to negotiate with the British but in vain. ![]() The British did not recognise adopted sons as heirs and the disposed rulers were refused pension. This created a feeling of panic and insecurity among the rulers of the other states. The rulers and the nawabs lost their powers because of the British residents stationed in their courts. You have already learned about them in the previous chapter. The Subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse were just means of annexing the territories of the Indian rulers. The British policies of annexation caused resentment among the Indian rulers. There were many deeper reasons that are discussed here briefly. Though this revolt broke out suddenly, it did not take shape in a day. Many causes cumulatively started this revolt. It was a severe outburst of anger and discontent accumulated in the hearts of Indians. In 1857, revolts broke out in the army and then spread to other parts of the country. These were brutally suppressed by the British. Indians did not accept foreign rule passively and there were many revolts from time-to-time in different parts of the country. There was a massive increase in rural poverty. All Indians-kings, landlords, tribals, traders, artisans, peasants and soldiers were adversely affected by the oppressive policies of the East India Company and a feeling of discontentment was building up. Indians suffered under the colonial rule. Though it lasted for a few months only, it shook the foundation of British rule in India.īy 1857, almost the whole of India was under the control of the British. The Revolt of 1857 was a severe outburst of resentment against the British. During the colonial rule, the condition of the masses became so impoverished that they were compelled to raise their voice against the British. ![]()
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